formal organization Leisha DeHart-Daviss unbureaucratic personality (2007) is the bureaucrat who bends rules. c. goal displacement Within a bureaucracy, leaders have access to information that others in the organization do not have. Campbell (2019) refers to the work on centering the individual in red tape research as the psychological process approach (see Pandey 2021 for an overview). While bureaucracies are inevitable, organizations benefit if they ensure that their processes respect human rights and focus on equity, nondiscrimination, and fairness. monarchy For example, bureaucratic tenets include hiring and promotion based on ones qualifications and performance, but Portillo and her coauthors show that the practice of merit-based hiring institutionalizes inequity. Conflict theorists personal others d. normative, Which of these characteristics do virtual communities and face-to-face communities have in common? b. As we showed in this article, human rights provide a universal benchmark for minimum standards of behavior. a. c. generalized others From the organization perspective, inefficiencies may result, which is not a goal of bureaucracy. Most applicable in this regard are the measures presented in Art. a. Merit was a driving force for public sector hiring in the United States before Webers work was translated into English. For instance, realization of the right to work may depend, in certain circumstances, on realization of the right to education or the right to information. d. authoritarian, Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of __________. c. are less likely to exist in contemporary societies than in traditional ones Hierarchy adds to the layers of management, with more layers placing lower-level employees further and further from top-level management, while more centralization reduces the amount of decision-making power held by those lower-level employees. Every decision entails taking risks of some sort, and ordinary employees may not always be prepared to go the extra mile to assist a stranger. Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes The iron law of oligarchy Which of the following concepts is based on the central idea that those who control bureaucracies not only wield power but also have an interest in retaining their power? b. What is a human rights-based approach to health and does it matter? Weber on bureaucracy: Management consultant or political theorist? Power elites, A message will be sent to your email address with instructions, Although __________ theorists acknowledge that the government serves a number of important purposes in society, they assert that government exists for the benefit of wealthy or politically powerful elites who use the government to impose their will on the masses, A strength of the _____ perspective on culture is its focus on the needs of society and the fact that stability is essential for society's continued survival, Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes________________________, The people who are paid to influence legislation on behalf of specific clients are referred to as: b. democratic In addition, we did not address the element of ones job as a sole occupation (and thus assumed sole source of income): it could be argued that for many, the rate of pay they receive for their work is not enough to maintain a minimum standard of living. b. the concentration of power in the hands of organizational leaders. The result is an unwise decision. d. Irving Janis, Which of these is not likely to constitute a reference group for a person who strongly believes in the value of human rights and equal opportunity? Broadly, rules, when they beget compliance, lead to consistent behavior by those in the organization. c. formal group rationality a. Balancing the four Es; or can we achieve equity for social equity in public administration? d. Expressive dyad b. bilkers, According to many _____ theorists, popular culture serves a significant purpose in society in that it may be the "glue" that holds society together, Within a bureaucracy, leaders have access to information that others in the organization do not have. For example, Woodard (2005) argues that merit has become more related to compensation than to values driving the public sector workforce. Green tape, by virtue of being written and having understood purposes help to empower people and all of these helps increase transparency and accountability. To meet the instrumental and expressive needs of group members, A major difference between aggregates and social groups is that people in aggregates, share a common purpose but generally do not interact with one another. The __________ style of leadership would be most effective in this. But, as it happens, the social environment in which rules are applied is always more complex. Despite the goal of consistent behaviorand perhaps leading to decreased individual power and autonomyresearch shows that rules are not strictly and blindly followed. Thus, the goal of this article is to consider bureaucracy through the perspective of human rights, focusing on the first aspect, discussing how human rights enter public organizations with regards to the organizationemployee relationship. Latisha is a member of a group working on a research project for a class assignment. 7 a. Exam 2 Flashcards | Quizlet c. totalitarian A kind word for Theory X: Or why so many newfangled management techniques quickly fail. Elton Mayos Hawthorne studies of the 1920s first set out to understand whether lighting conditions affected worker productivity; what they found was that employees performed better when they felt a part of a team and that their work was important to the organization and its leaders (Roby 2012). As Pandey and Kinglsey (2000) note, early work on red tape investigated the system; they introduced a social psychological model that considers the red tape and individual employeesthis parallels bureaucracys focus on systems and subsequent critiques calling for the inclusion of people. Learning Today, human rights are codified in international and national laws. Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes efforts to reduce the number We now turn to critically assess the practice and implementation of characteristics of bureaucracynamely those related to merit and neutrality, and rulesfrom a human rights perspective and evaluate their compatibility with the HRBA. c. formal group predictability b. The emphasis on technical proficiency, which requires that bureaucrats have training and expertise for the position in which they are hired. c. when it comes to encouraging compliance, groups wield very little power over individuals 23 UDHR), leisure (Art. 2019, 238). A human rights-based approach (HRBA) puts human rights values and principles at the core of strategy, process, and outcome. Sociologist __________ coined the terms ingroup and outgroup to describe people's feelings toward members of their own and other groups. d. an employee who is more concerned with following the rules than getting the job done, d. an employee who is more concerned with following the rules than getting the job done, Most government, business, education, and religious organizations are __________ in form. Joe would be considered the __________ leader of the group. Group conformity Bureaucracies, understood as organizations made up by humans, can be evaluated from a human rights perspective and assessed on whether practices and processes are human-rights friendly and represent values such as nondiscrimination, equity, and justice. laissez-faire a. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Bureaucracy is an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters. c. Obedience division of labor 2020). We trace two areas of bureaucracy theory that are widely found in public organizationsmerit and neutrality, and rulesthrough the lens of the HRBA. a division of labor. b. Further, we have looked at bureaucracies mostly from a theoretical perspective favoring an American context. Its easy to warm up to him. As we showed, research on merit and neutrality in the public sector relates to bureaucracys emphasis on technical proficiency, specialization, and some form of promotion. b. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. We did not focus on how government bureaucracies further (or hinder) human rights implementation as they serve the public or how bureaucracies that are tasked with safeguarding human rights do so. It requires actors to pay special attention to disparities and methods of information sharing (e.g., accessible language and format and considering age, gender, and ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds). reference group They can think about the future and evaluate different options or courses of action. c. conformity d. primary group, __________ leadership provides emotional support for members. Posted By : / forehand serve skill cues in badminton /; Under :lawrenceville school acceptance rate 2020lawrenceville school acceptance rate 2020 Applying the terms for problems that are frequent within bureaucracy, this is an example of __________, Political scientists summarized the key elements of pluralism. D. putting the needs of the organization above competing responsibilities. bureaucracy The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) offers human rights indicators to measure progress toward human rights implementation in various areas (OHCHR 2012). In addition, organizational formalization need not have negative impacts on employee well-being. b. social boundaries The HRBA values nondiscrimination and, on its face, bureaucracy does, as well. a. The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called. normative b. Robert Merton totalitarian c. aggregate a. b. d. outgroup, Susan and Mary are middle-aged women who have been neighbors for twenty-five years. The informal activities within a bureaucracy. Which category is NOT included in sociologist Amitai Etzioni's classification of formal organizations? b. fad diffusion, "Bureaucratic personality" refers to_____________________________, Are political coalitions made up of individuals or groups that share a specific interest they wish to protect or advance with the help of the political system. Regardless, many traditions in public administration and management scholarship use Webers approach to bureaucracy as a foundation for how to analyze and understand public organizations. Making the case: What is the evidence of impact of applying human rights-based approaches to health? Thus, there seems an implicit assumption that bureaucracy is the idealthat is, bestway to organize or understand public organizations, even though Webers ideal served as a description of typical characteristics. subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants over onehalf (50 percent) of the time democratic a. They encourage organizations to look carefully at how efficiency gains may decrease workplace equity, at best, and be discriminatory, at worst. __________ is measured by comparing a person's actual income against his or her expectations and perceptions. A) a more rigid hierarchical structure B) a greater emphasis on sharing information C) helping employees focus on work D) a reduction in the amount of informal activity From a human rights perspective, this violates the principles of participation and access, namely the ability of employees to engage in decisions that affect them and to have full access to resources and information. discourage feelings of group superiority b. c. Hypothetical McGregor believed that employee motivation came from the degree of autonomy and responsibility one has over their work (Bobic and Davis 2003). _____________ social control takes place through the socialization process. Despite the emphasis of both streams of literature on people and their roles within public organizations, both still focus on enhancing bureaucratic efficiency. Georg Simmel That is, the potentially inconsistent application of rules, for various reasons noted above, can inhibit efforts toward nondiscrimination, create a lack of transparency and accountability and access by organizational members, and limit agency by employees of marginalized identities. Gruskin, S., D. Bogecho, and L. Ferguson. goal displacement b. efforts to reduce the amount of informal activity in the workplace. From Rishi's perspective, the reading group is an example of a(n) __________. utilitarian d. reference group, In discussing primary and secondary groups, the text points out that__________________. c. people in a secondary group may eventually form a primary group c. primary group __________ suggest that groups involve unequal power relationships so that not all members of a group are not equally likely to have their needs met. c. anarchy Further, research on street-level bureaucracy and administrative burdens suggests that rules may be applied or bent to both benefit or disadvantage clients. Further, special attention must be paid to the participation of underrepresented groups. Achieving social equity: From problems to solutions. Human rights are principles or norms that aim to protect human dignity, establish equality, and defend individual freedoms. At the very least, traditions of inquiry to understand public organizations is driven in large part by Webers theory of bureaucracy, and arguably, by default. Max Weber assimilation Formalization itself is neither good nor bad, but formalization can potentially lead to red tape (Bozeman 2000). Editorial. b. d. despite problems, many of the research subjects found the experiment interesting and agreed to participate in future research on the same topic, b. a. a more rigid hierarchical structure b. a reduction in the amount of informal activity c. helping employees focus on work d. a greater emphasis on sharing information. employees' interaction with each other while at work But his application could not be processed because of a discrepancy between his name in the hospital records and his name as it appears in the members data record. A. socialization is essential for normal human development. b. Formalization, while neutral, can limit employee empowerment via the reduction of discretion (Borst et al. b. Irving Janis Rules lead to formalization, which refers to the degree of written rules in organizations (Pugh et al. c. Individual Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes a greater emphasis on sharing ideas and problem-solving approaches. d. normative, __________ size refers to the number of potential members a group has. Psychology - The Biological Perspective, Communication - Writing Negative Messages Quiz level 3, Pre Exam Quiz 5; Human Development and Family Studies, Quiz Preview 10/ Psychology - Principles of Social Psychology, Quiz Facts 7' Psychology - Cognitive Functioning, Quiz Lot 2. Notably, and consistent with this view, Webers opening sentence to the essay about bureaucracy (1946, 146)Modern officialdom functions in the following specific mannerindicates description rather than prescription. Shafritz, J. M., E. W. Russell, and C. Borick. In addition, this emphasis on merit and neutrality may not be consistent with participation and access, particularly to higher level jobs that carry more status by underrepresented employees who may experience discrimination. a. . a. 3. Equity is defined by the National Academic of Public Administration (NAPA) as the fair, just and equitable management of all institutions serving the public directly or by contract, and the fair and equitable distribution of public services, and implementation of public policy, and the commitment to promote fairness, justice, and equity in the formation of public policy (Guy and McCandless 2020, 2). d. primary and secondary groups are equally likely to be specialized, but in different ways, c. people in a secondary group may eventually form a primary group, A college president need not be effective in designing promotional brochures. c. a greater emphasis on sharing ideas and problem-solving approaches. In some ways, human rights are used as a scaffolding to evaluate processes and institutions and to refocus on justice and equity on the basis of the UDHR (ODI 1999). d. operational group, Two best friends, married couples, and domestic partnerships are each an example of a(n) __________. c. Postmodern theorists Steps need to be taken to mitigate the potential negative effects of specialization for human rights and equity. a. dispersion. coalition INQUIRER.net wants to hear from you! 24 UDHR), and set general principles for standard of living and overall well-being (Art. impersonality Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes a. more rigid hierarchical structures. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of a. categories b. aggregates c. social groups d. primary groups, Katy is a member of the literature club in her college, but she neither accepts nor follows the values and norms of the club. Notably, perceptions of red tape can be impacted by perceptions of organizational structure, including centralization and hierarchy, elements related to Webers bureaucracy. outgroup a. She is embarrassed about having to wait tables, so she tries to make it clear to the customers that she is not interested in the job and is working at the restaurant merely to make some money until she graduates. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of __________. Training on HRBA and program and meta-evaluations have been shown to increase human rights and equity practices, especially regarding engagement with stakeholders (both internal and external), systematic commitment to equity, and in finding new ways of interconnection (Schmitz 2012). They have to comply with the legal norms and standards laid down in international human rights instruments and national laws and can be held accountable in case of human rights violations. groupthink b. d. collective unconscious, Leaders using the __________ style of leadership may be praised for their expressive, supportive behavior toward group members, but they may also be blamed for being indecisive in times of crisis. d. triad, Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of __________ organizations. laissez-faire Which of the following terms did German political sociologist Robert Michels use to refer to the tendency of a bureaucracy to be ruled by the few? Which of these characteristics do virtual communities and face-to-face communities have in common? part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes. groupthink In Webers bureaucracy, people are appointed to their positions because of meritbecause of what they can do, rather than because of who they are. formal group Obligation to protect: States must protect individuals and groups against human rights abuses. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. With bureaucracys emphasis on technical efficiency, organizations adhering to bureaucratic elements and assumptions may create a sense of bureaucratic impersonality or the loss of individual freedom, as Weber warned (Maley 2004). b. ingroups utilitarian Agency by underrepresented groups: A HRBA allows underserved groups to mobilize and claim their entitlements. Katy is a member of the literature club in her college, but she neither accepts nor follows the values and norms of the club. Human rights enter public organizations therefore in two ways: (1) through the fact that bureaucracies consist of individuals who are entitled to their human rights; and (2) in that bureaucracies represent the state as a duty holder that has an obligation to protect, promote, and implement human rights. Leaders using the __________ style of leadership are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions. While we cannot directly attribute these federal employment patterns to failed nondiscrimination policies, these studies show more work to increase nondiscrimination, diversity, and equity is necessary. may be more common than most people would like to believe, Sociologists refer to the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group as __________. __________ is the term for the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise. a. the CEO or other person who comes to be associated with a bureaucratic organization, a. a. Bureaucracy is a way of managing the affairs of a complex society. We argue that bureaucracy theory should be reassessed through the lens of human rights because bureaucracies are made up of humans and because they serve individuals who also have human rights. c. democratic a. b. outgroup Sociology exam 2 questions Flashcards | Quizlet Attachment 1: The human rights based approach to development cooperation: Towards a common understanding among the UN agencies. Sociologist Amitai Etzioni classified formal organizations into three categories. In discussing primary and secondary groups, the text points out that ___________________. c. accommodation In his study of bureaucracies, Weber relied on an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy). However, specialization implies the reduction of an employees knowledge of the overall process and centers power and control in the hands of managers (Weiss 1983, 246). d. rationality, Sociologists refer to the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group as __________. b. grassroots Joaquin is continuously trying to improve group harmony and reduce the conflict in the group. The American Review of Public Administration. I assured him that PhilHealth is better run nowadays and though it might take a while to process the claim, he would eventually get his reimbursement. b. Relational A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. coercive a. The U.S. Senate consists of 100 members. d. bureaucratic, A teacher gives students ideas for an assignment, but encourages them to be creative and pick their own subject and format. A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. ), "Calculation of EPS and retained earnings Everdeen Mining, Inc., ended 2015 with a net profit before taxes of $436,000. The focus on technical proficiency and specialization from a structural standpoint has human rights implications, as well. d. category, Women with blue eyes, people who wear contact lenses, people over 7 feet tall, and college men who belong to a fraternity are each an example of a(n) __________. secondary and primary groups are always mutually exclusive In which of these types of groups is the participation of all members crucial to the survival of the group? The goal is to empower individuals in being active participants in the process and creates rights, responsibilities, and concrete expectations. Thus, written rules may not end up in consistent compliance, and they, and resulting behaviors, may not be compatible with the human rights principles of nondiscrimination, transparency and accountability, access, and agency by underrepresented groups. Portillo, S., D. Bearfield, and N. Humphrey. a. Why is bureaucracy a necessary part of management in most formal organizations? within bureaucracy, this is an example of __________. Similarly, McGregor (1957) established Theory Y management as an alternative to the Theory X approach, which focused on giving orders and coercion for employees to perform. A behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs is termed. A a greater emphasis on sharing information 13 Q A college president need not be effective in designing promotional brochures. Bureaucracy is a way of managing the affairs of a complex society. b. DeHart-Davis (2017) recommends that the development of new rules includes input by stakeholders, including those impacted by the rule (participation). Designing a bureaucratic environment with particular attention to structural inequalities and vulnerabilities leads to a more human rights-friendly environment focused on nondiscrimination and equality. d. secondary group, Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes________________________. Similarly, the use of human rights language has shown to contribute to individual empowerment and agency for underrepresented groups and foster more substantive visions of justice, provide a moral framework, and a common language to express core values of the organization with regards to equity (Ignatieff 2001). b. b. The International Journal of Human Rights, Unbureaucratic behavior among street-level bureaucrats: The case of the German state police, Obtrusive, obstinate and conspicuous: Red tape from a Heideggerian perspective, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Putting the rights-based approach to development into perspective, FREDA: A human rights-based approach to healthcare, Green tape: A theory of effective organizational rules, Creating effective rules in public sector organizations, In praise of bureaucracy: Weber-organization-ethics, A review of the impact of the human rights in healthcare programme in England and Wales, The human rights-based approach to development: The right to water, Red tape, organizational performance, and employee outcomes: Meta-analysis, meta-regression, and research agenda. psychological detachment among members Further, special attention needs to be given to indirect discrimination (e.g., policies and actions that lead to inequality based on gender- or race-based blindness). The social psychological model of red tape informs us that employees who feel alienated from the workplace will report higher levels of red tape (Pandey and Kingsley 2000). Research handbook human resource management in the public sector, Examining red tape in public and private organizations: Alternative explanations from a social psychological model, Public managers perceptions of organizational goal ambiguity: Analyzing alternative models, Human rights-based approach to applied psychology, The myth of bureaucratic neutrality: Institutionalized inequity in local government hiring, The paradox of rules: Rules as resources and constraints. Overall, this impacts employees ability to participate in decision-making processes and determine their own affairs. Humanizing Bureaucracy: Applying the Human Rights-Based Approach to impersonal conversations is to ______ group, as personal, emotion-based conversations is to _____ group. Recently, he was confined for pneumonia at the Saint Louis Hospital in Baguio, where he and his wife Elvie live. It is distinguished from informal and collegial organizations. d. primary group, Several employees at a fast-food restaurant call in sick at the last minute. c. impersonality Hunt, P., A. Ely Yamin, and F. Bustreo. b. Sociologists would term them a(n) __________. likely to constitute a reference group for a person who strongly believes in the. Cognitive Psychology Overview of Theory. Then he e-mailed me to say that he had been sick, and to ask if there was any hope of getting reimbursement from PhilHealth. Transitional A HRBA therefore not only strengthens the equity pillar of public administration, but has the potential to improve the other three Es as well. According to sociologist George Ritzer, __________ refers to a world of no surprises. cooperative The ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, as specified by Max Weber, include an emphasis on_____. b. But the very same reasons that make it work as a solution to complexity also tend to be the causes behind its classic dysfunctions. Which of the following is an ideal characteristic of bureaucracies as identified by Weber? c. secondary group Maynard-Moody, S. W., and M. C. Musheno. Maynard-Moody and Musheno (2003) find that street-level bureaucrats who had a favorable view of a client may bend rules to help them as much as they can, whereas when they held a negative view of a client, they may decline to apply rules, or apply those that do the bare minimum or disadvantage clients. c. bureaucracy's invisible quality c. primary groups Based on an in-depth review of the literature on HRBA as well as reports on HRBA in the context of the United Nations (UN 2003; UN Sustainable Development Group n.d.), the main components and principles of the HRBA include (authors list): Nondiscrimination and equality: A HRBA is based on the understanding that all individuals are equal as humans by virtue of the inherent dignity of each person.
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