That sort of behaviour had never been seen before or since. How this animal can survive is a mystery. The Field Museum. They like lazing much along the tops of the trees, if walking they stretch themselves to the level of the grass hence making it hard to be spotted. (See "15 Intimate Portraits of Lions."). STDs are at a shocking high. Certainly, at that point in history, the rinderpest outbreak of the late 19th century would have decimated their available prey, and one was shown to have had a severe infection in the root of its canine. What Drove Tsavo Lions to Eat People? Century-Old Mystery Solved Unlike some of the East African national parks like Serengeti national park of Tanzania, Masai Mara in Kenya which are famous of wildebeest migration. Other predators include Hyenas, Jackals, African wild dogs and many more. You can skip to the video at the end of the article from the Ranger Planet Youtube Channel, or continue reading. Game viewing is one of the most enjoyful activity that almost 90% of the tourists that come to the park come to do. YjhkZDRiODU2NzRkNzg5YzIzOGVkMzkwOGRhODRlYzM4ZWNhZWNlNTcyYWE4 Wildlife if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'rangerplanet_com-banner-1','ezslot_6',164,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-rangerplanet_com-banner-1-0');Lions are so greedy that they may even hunt for food when they dont feel hungry. +254-753-029-209 Tsavo lions, famous for man-eating in the late 19th century, are also novel for being maneless. 5 min read. MTAwNDg0Y2YyMWNhMTYzMTE2YWMzZmY3NmRiNzg1N2NiYmJkZWEyMGJlNjQ2 The dense date and raffia palms and an assortment of various other fruiting trees attract a variety of bird and primate life, making the springs a veritable oasis, especially during the drier months. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'rangerplanet_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_15',167,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-rangerplanet_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0');But when the hyena clan is fewer in numbers, nothing can match the power of lions, which is another reason why its called The king of the jungle. Abundant Common Occasional Rare None Elephant Abundant Giraffe Common Hippo Common Buffalo Occasional Guests also enjoy more game viewing experience through visiting the neighbouring ranches. The two lions, Lieutenant Patterson (in top-left) and a Taita ancestral shrine. The man-eaters were different. The Tsavo 'nyika' consists of a dense . When taking the gender of lions into account its mostly males that would tend to eat humans. Perhaps by working together, they could scatter both humans and game, so that both could be fed? The park homes more population and different prides of lions across the park. The hardest to spot always among the African big five are the leopards. To save chestnut trees, we may have to play God, Why you should add native plants to your garden, What you can do right now to advocate for the planet, Why poison ivy is an unlikely climate change winner. . This newfound behavior may offer a clue to how these reptiles will respond to a warming planet. In the case of Tsavo lions, it is somewhat different. SafariBookings is the largest online marketplace for African safari tours. This adds more opportunity to the guests to enjoy more animals at the park. In Tsavo, opportunities could have come in the . Safaris, Uganda During this season, the vegetation is thinner, and animals congregate around predictable sources of water. Anthony is the author of the Lonely Planet guide to Kenya. ZTYzMGMyOTAzYWQyZmI4YTUyMGI5ZWFhNDNlOTljODMzMWFkODU0MThjMzcw All rights reserved. Tsavo lions - Man-Eaters of Tsavo | DinoAnimals.com So to satisfy this nutritional requirement needed for their survival, lions are bound to eat meat and flesh. The animals at the park are found in large numbers hence easily viewed at any time of the year. For centuries Arab slave caravans passed through Tsavo on the way to Mombasa, said Samuel Kasiki, deputy director of Biodiversity Research and Monitoring with the Kenya Wildlife Service, that the death rate was high; it was a bad area for sleeping sickness from the tsetse fly; and the bodies of slaves who died or were dying were left where they dropped. ODVhOTFlNDc3ZGM5NDFlNDkzMTY0ODI2NjlkMjM0NmEwYTliMzU1MjBlZDk1 Do lions of Tsavo River region also sow fear among Kenyans today? Study leader Larisa DeSantis, a paleoecologist at Vanderbilt University, and colleagues used 3-D imaging technology to map the microwear of the Tsavo lion teeth, preserved in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago after Patterson and other hunters finally shot the lions. About our use of cookies, Please select which cookies you would like to keep switched on. So the lions may have gotten their tast for human flesh by eating the corpses. Tsavo national park is one of the national parks in Kenya that are isolated and remotely located in the busy areas few kilometres away from the coastal area. The long list of the bird species can be achieved for the guests who would wish to spend more days at the park. Unique social system found in famous Tsavo li | EurekAlert! So do coyotes eat foxes? One of the Tsavo lions suffered from a broken canine and an abscess that likely caused the loss of several more teeth surrounding it, notes Peter Emily, founder of the Peter Emily Veterinary Dental Foundation. pp (EUR), Kenya: The Tsavo incident closely followed the debut of rinderpest on the continent, which devastated cattle and buffalo, the primary prey of the Tsavo lion. As obligate carnivores, this means that around 70% of their diet consists of meat. Discounts at Africas best lodges and on our hand-made packages subscribers only, STORIES & DISCUSSIONS The little-known history of the Florida panther. NTZlZDRlZWVkMjIxNDA3OGY3YjJkZmI1ZWIyZWFjOGU3MzI2NjY1NzZmNzZm At the time, the Tsavo region was in the midst of a two-year . Follow Jason Bittel on Twitter and Facebook. Please be respectful of copyright. Lions are perhaps the worlds most notorious in Tsavo national park, their ancestors were vilified more than 100 years ago as the man-eaters of Tsavo, a vast swath of Kenya savannah around the Tsavo River, Bruce Patterson has been the past decade studying lions in the Tsavo region, on such forays Patterson has come to better understand the Tsavo lions. When looking at how often lions eat, lions need to eat at least one sizeable meal pretty much every day. Other researchers provided samples from possible Tsavo prey--such as zebras and giraffes--as well as from skulls of people who lived in the area. The most known works include a movie of 1996 "The Ghost and the Darkness". Does eating close to bedtime make you gain weight? A new discovery raises a mystery. Of the big cats, lions are most easily spotted. This region is situated near the Tsavo River, which is a home for many fish species. To approach a question 400 million years in the making, researchers turned to mudskippers, blinking fish that live partially out of water. The most vigorous Serengeti males sport large dark manes, while in Tsavo they have short, thin manes or none at all, Its all about water, Patterson says, Tsavo is hotter and drier than the Serengeti, and amale with a heavy mane would squander his daily water allowance simply panting under a bush, with none to spare for patrolling his territory, hunting or finding mates. The Tsavo lions are shown to have eaten 'normal' prey throughout their careers.. The entire park is easily accessible especially by the 4 wheel drive cars. Like most animals that hunt, lions generally tend to eat their prey at the same place as they brought the animal down. When taking a lions system, its body fails to produce all the amino acids the body needs for survival. YzgyODc3NTUxOTIxOTM1MjdkYjgzYjdiZjE0MzM1MWU1ZjExOTIyOTdkNzY1 Tsavo - Land of legends - Africa Geographic The occasional baby gazelle might keep a cheetah alive, but I think a lion would struggle, says Hilborn. YThlYWQ4Y2Y1N2Q5OTA5YjdiNWUyMTU3MjY5Njc0MDM1YzQ1ZTFiMTFhYTQw While nobody really knows the answer to why lions do this, its believed they eat their cubs to impregnate the lioness. How this animal can survive is a mystery. Why did they choose people as their prey? The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of A | EurekAlert! But as a strategy, lions prefer to live near waterways like rivers, streams, and waterholes. Seemingly supporting this narrative, Tsavo was going through a drought and a rinderpest epidemic at the time, and Colonel Patterson himself described the lions chomping into the bones of their victims. M2FkOTg3YmU1YjQ5M2Y4YTVhMGVjNTg0YTZhNGQ1NGYxY2JhZWJkMjAyMmZi MzBmMWJiM2MzNjM1YjdlMDg5NTE4NDYwYTQ2MjRjOWQ2YjRlMjRlNDliYzVh ODliMzBjM2FmMDc4YTdiOWE2NDBiMDk1ZGFiODAyODU0ODUxZTRjYTFlM2Fi Tsavo lions have been included in movies, video games, and books. When planning for a great view of Tsavo national park animals, one has to have preliminary information of the kind of animals that are found at the park. The majority are always easily visible at any time of the day or year during your game drives. With some luck, you might spot the critically endangered hirola or Hunter's hartebeest. The lion and park guards will be trained to mitigate human-wildlife conflict, one of the key drivers in the decline in African lions along with habitat loss Photograph: 2023 Whitley awards Share . During the Dry season, the vegetation is minimal, and animals tend to hang around the few available water sources. NzdlMzMxMGQzZWVjODZlYTZjYTgwYmE2YWFhZTE2OTliYTQwZDljNWRmZGNm According to the workers who witnessed these events, the lions would come at night to the camp, drag people out of their tents, and run away with them into the dark. From untimely deaths to man-eaters and poaching wars, Tsavo has not had the easiest road but now, combined, Tsavo East and West account for the largest of Kenyas protected spaces by a comfortable margin, over 20,000km (2,000,000 hectares), and one of the worlds largest protected wilderness areas. Maybe the customs of the Indian workers, which included leaving dead people to be consumed by lions, contributed to the lions man-eating tendencies. All Rights Reserved. It is also possible that due to the reduction of the mane, these lions can move around prickly and rough vegetation. Reviews, 60 Anne Hilborn, a biologist at Virginia Tech, says shes seen injured cheetahs switch to smaller, slower prey items like gazelle fawns and hares, rather than the adult gazelles, impalas, and even wildebeests they typically hunt. Reviews, Tsavo East All these incidents took place in the national park, where lions are under strict protection. It hosts a good number of animal species which are found in large numbers. But in real terms, lions do not have the ability to digest any vegetation. But this bullying game doesnt always work with animals like Hyenas. ZDllM2Y2M2NkMzJhNDkyMjg2ZDg5MzBjNDdiNzFlZDAyZjFiZWVjNWFlMTlm Open a list of all cookies. And despite Patterson's memory of bone crunching, a new analysis of the lions' teeth shows no signs that the animals devoured human bones. All rights reserved, The Man-Eaters of Tsavo: And Other East African Adventures, Learn more about the National Geographic Society's work to save big cats, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Of the big cats, lions are most easily spotted. Heres the video outlining the above article from our Ranger Planet youtube channel. This is one of the few places to see the fringed-eared oryx. To this day, there is a conflict between people and lions in Africa (not only the Tsavo ones). Reference: PNAS: doi:10.1073/pnas.0905309106, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Inside South Africas skeleton trade. +254-759-588-041. Tsavo National Park Lions | Tsavo National Park Safaris Tours | Kenya During the lions' last 3 months, humans made up about 30% of their diet, according to the isotope analysis. Also there was a reduced amount of prey available to the lions due to Rinderpest - a disease not native to the . Scientists have discovered the pair of lions attacked humans because dental disease meant they could not hunt their normal prey. We thought we knew turtles. The dental wear patterns of various lions, seen in microphotographs. We rely on Global Rescue to assist our clients. But there's a problem with that theorystarving lions would have likely made the most out of every meal, eating the humans bones and all. Yeake calculated that one of them probably ate around 11 people in its nine-month hunting spree, but focused mainly on expanding its tastes in herbivores. The bird variety is equally diverse with over 500 bird species recorded in Tsavo East, including the golden-breasted starling, African orange-bellied (red-bellied) parrot, vulturine guineafowl and Somali ostrich. Lions can also live, with wider ranges, in most habitats except in tropical rainforests and in deserts. But at least you know now what animals they do prey on. Visitors to Tsavo, particularly Tsavo East, should be aware that temperatures can be searing at times, particularly during the dry months between January and February and June to October. Over 12 years, 222 lions were killed in Kenya for their attacks. in which they might get hampered, or trapped. Tours, Ethiopia Axolotls and capybaras are TikTok famousis that a problem? Your email address will not be published. Centuries ago, this occurred, however, in the extinct lions of ancient Egypt and Nubia. Sightings of black rhino are rare but rewarding, as are sightings of striped hyena. This site is owned and operated by Michael Chamberlain. In order to maintain this site and keep providing valuable information and learning tools, rangerplanet.com has become a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Easily compare offers from top rated tour operators. In fact, lions in the wild, especially during autumn and winter get more than half of their food through scavenging. The total Kenyan population consisted of about 2,000 individuals. Y2Y0ZmIyZDFjNWRiNGNjNTUyMTMyYjM0YTJiMTc0ZjQ2MjM1Y2ZjZGIwNjdh The scientists snapped to attention; they knew of the Tsavo lions' reputation as oversized brutes. In 1898, railway workers in Tsavo, Kenya were terrorised by a pair of man-eating lions, who killed at least 28 people during a 10-month . It could have encouraged the cats to attack living people. This was the animal that caused the lions share of deaths among the railway workers, and Yeake estimates that he ate around 24, giving a total kill count of 35. When hunting in groups, lions plan very strategically and take positions rather like the pieces in chess would line up for a checkmate move. Is Diani Beach The Best Beach In The World? Tsavo East National Park is the larger of the twin parks, covering 13,700km (1,370,000 hectares), and is also the more arid of the two. MGViZGRmMGJhZDVkZWFiZjE3NmVhNTJiYmZhYjQzMThiNWFhZmZlMTg0ZDM2 The park hosts a large population of predators (these are animals that survive or depend on flesh) The park is a home of all the big cats like Lions. But lions will usually predate a number of larger land-based animals that have a mass of 50-300 kg, such as. Tsavo is a region of Kenya with a history of two male lions that became man-eaters, killing and eating over 100 people - the highest ever number of human deaths recorded by lions. The lion, as a carnivore, is an animal that will only eat the meat and flesh of other animals, which is called the prey. This involves a good amount of time, stalking, and waiting. YTY2MzUwMjU4MmU5YTNjMTAyM2ExOTVlNzI2MGYxZGU5MjI3MTAxNmQ1YmIw His partner switched menus even more dramatically, moving to a diet of browsers (giraffe, kudu and the like) and humans. To this day, reasons for their deathful tendencies towards people have been unknown. (Learn more about the National Geographic Society's work to save big cats.). However, it cannot be denied that the Tsavo lions sometimes only killed people and did not eat them. Please select which cookies you would like to keep switched on. Tsavo national park animals are the key and primary attraction at the park. Animal speeds are often hard to capture and calculate. Who buys lion bones? To find lodges, search for our ready-made packages or get in touch with our travel team to arrange your safari, scroll down to after this story. Individuals that attempted to attack humans are often captured and killed. The other set of Tsavo national park animals are the water animals. The Man-Eating Lions of Tsavo - Today I Found Out Tsavo East Animals - Wildlife in Tsavo East National Park Either way, the baking days should be taken into account by those considering visiting Tsavo. killed and ate 135 people at a railroad camp on the Tsavo River, in what is now Kenya, before they were shot and . Instead, their teeth were smooth, similar to the wear patterns seen in zoo lions that eat soft foods such as beef. Their characteristic feature is the lack of the mane or its reduced form. Apart from some crags around Voi and gorges around the Galana River, Tsavo East consists mostly of plains of grassland and savanna that stretch as far as the eye can see. When food is abundant, lions expand their diet. Safaris, Mozambique Throughout 1898 (9-10 months) the workers were being attacked by two lions. A new discovery raises a mystery. Herbivores especially zebras aggregate in these grazing lawns which makes them vulnerable to predation by lions. The other section of Tsavo national park animals are the herbivores (these are animals that depend on grass) which are sometimes known as grazers. Established 1991, BEST SAFARI PRICES The little-known history of the Florida panther. It is excellently done during the dry season of the year with its climax around July every year. These consistently high temperatures are one of the theories put forward as to why all Tsavo male lions have extremely undeveloped manes, though there is a fair amount of scientific disagreement as to the exact explanation. Lions are carnivores, and apex predators, and will mainly eat small animals when food is scarce. At the end of 1898, the lions were killed by Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Patterson who supervised the construction, and later became the author of the book The Man-eaters of Tsavo. English Mastiff one of the largest dogs, Cheetah the fastest land animal in the world, The largest Dinosaur Database in the world. This interesting appearance is only one of the unusual and mysterious features of these big cats. and they have a very diverse diet, especially in the wild. The park receives fewer visitors than Tsavo West, and it is easily possible to spend a day exploring without encountering another soul. Carefully selected conservation projects one-stop, seamless, transparent donations APP subscribers only. By studying the chemical composition of the lions hair and bones, Yeake estimated that they killed around 35 people, with a possible range of 4 to 72. YTk2ZmYyNjI1ZDhlNDIzNmM5ODlhMTMzNDc3OWE0MzFlMzE2ZjlhMzE1NWE4 The enormous size of Tsavo makes it one of the most biodiverse ecosystems in Kenya, from the red semi-desert of parts of the East to the rainforests of the Chyulu Hills and everything in between. Today, there are only 20,000 lions left in the wild, according to H. Bauer and colleagues in their 2015 publication: Panther Leo. Lions would still find the time and energy to take it down as well. pp (EUR), Kenya: The reopening of the forbidden zone (closed off during the poaching wars) has added yet another spectacular aspect to an already striking reserve, particularly for those keen to spot African wild dogs (painted wolves). For larger animals, lions often jump on the back of the animal, trying to bring them down to attack. Does eating close to bedtime make you gain weight? +254-753-029-209 However, usually such attacks are not lethal for people. The results showed that the diet of Tsavos modern lions consists almost entirely of grazing animals such as zebra, waterbuck and buffalo. Similarly, the Zambia lion from 1991 had a fractured jaw that was so bad, the skin was broken and the wound would have been draining constantly. Patterson and his colleagues estimate that one lion ate 10 people, and the other about 24-far fewer than the legendary 135 victims, but still horrifying. Rats invaded paradise. This number varies between 28 and 31. NjNmOGMyY2ViOGNiY2EyOTUzYWQ4MTNkMzdkOTk5OTUyY2U0Yjk1YzNkNDNm info@tsavonationalparkkenya.com Indian railwaymen were also on site. Their prides, with up to 10 females and just 1 male, are smaller than Serengeti lions pride, which have up to 20 females and 2 more males. Taking these mouth maladies into account, Emily adds, preying on humans makes total sense. Much like wolves, theres a definite hierarchy to mealtimes. The number of people killed by the man-eaters of Tsavo is disputed it seems likely that Pattersons claim that they killed 135 people was exaggerated. The kind of animals that are found in specific national park and finally the park to choose depending on the specific animals you want to see. Anthony is a renowned Africa expert and author of many Lonely Planet guidebooks, including the guide to Kenya. Still, todays lions are not innately more bloodthirsty than other lions, Patterson says; they attack people for the same reason their forebears did a century ago, our encroachment into what was once the territory of lions. Unauthorized use is prohibited. An excellent and thorough book, Bruce D. Patterson's The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters, discusses this episode in full, placing it within the context of. to 958 pp (EUR), Kenya: The Tsavo man-eaters at the Chicago Field Museum, taken by Jeffrey Jung. STDs are at a shocking high. It wasnt exactly a king among beasts, and it supports the idea that big cats are more likely to prey on humans if theyre ill or impaired. But nonetheless, we have a good idea of what the top Do Coyotes Eat Foxes: No, Why and What Actually Happens. Recently (to 2001), in the whole area surrounding the national park (about 1.5 million acres), similar attacks have taken place a few times a day. This ordinary woman hid Anne Frankand kept her story alive, This Persian marvel was lost for millennia. Copyright 2023 Tsavo National Park - Kenya, Lions are perhaps the worlds most notorious in, Tsavo males look different as well. But even in cases where stalking is not possible, lions will ambush directly into the prey and start attacking. Likewise, even the newborns and cubs who are vulnerable and weak are eaten by some predators. Leopards, Cheetahs, Janet cats and many more. Currently Tsavo national park is one of the largest game reserves, providing undeveloped wilderness homes to vast numbers of animals, famous are the Tsavo lions, a population whose adult males often lack manes entirely, in total there are about 675 lions in the Amboseli-Tsavo ecosystem. When comparing the meal of a lion (male) based on that of your average-sized house cat, its the equivalent of 70 cans of cat food. Scientists get ever closer to discovering the mystery of 'man eating lions' Studies indicate the lions ate humans as a supplement to other food, not as a last resort, eating humans was probably an alternative to hunting or scavenging caused by dental disease and /or a limited number of prey. Hyenas are pack animals, they live in groups called clans, so when the number of hyenas is more than the lions could suitably scare away, the hyenas get to keep their food. The grazers include Giraffes, Elephants, Buffaloes, Gazelles, Kobs, Zebras, Wildebeests, topis, Eland, Kudu and others. OTdmZjgxNzdiYTAxYzdmZTQwOWZhZWJhYWQyMTJjZjVkYWYyMzcwOTI3YWMz Open a list of all cookies, Below you can decide which type of cookies you would like to keep switched on. Elephant populations had plummeted and as a result, woodlands were expanding and the savannahs grazers were being driven away. These are the most dominant animals at the park that consists of over 60% of the total animal species found at the park. This will help and guide you on the expectations from your Kenya safari. By winter, a third of his food came from freshly killed humans. OTYxMGI1NjViNDliNWU4YTZmYTFjODVjOTQxOWNhZGY1ZDA0ZTI1NGJmZjJm How do we reverse the trend? In 1898, the plague killed plenty of animals, which forced the lions to find another source of food. With a terrifying, blustering snarl, she suddenly charged. 2 hours of sleep? Note: Photos available of maned and . The Ugandan Railway Company said 28; Patterson claimed it was 135. An apex predator takes up the highest rank in a food web, which makes them the famous animal that we call The king of the jungle. Tours, South Africa During this time, lions tend to look for and eat small prey like: Although they eat pretty much anything they can prey on, lions mostly hunt down animals that have a mass of 50 to 300 kg. This content has been checked and verified by a qualified veterinary practitioner. For this reason, a lion is called a hyper carnivorous animal. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'rangerplanet_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_8',161,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-rangerplanet_com-medrectangle-3-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'rangerplanet_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_9',161,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-rangerplanet_com-medrectangle-3-0_1');.medrectangle-3-multi-161{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:15px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:15px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;min-width:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}In this article, were going to answer the question of what do lions eat, well list the most common animals that lions eat, both large and small, and give some details around why, how, and when Lions prey on these animals. At the beginning of the 21st century, the remains of the two Tsavo lions were thoroughly analyzed. There are a few hypotheses. And yet, they frequently exposed themselves to danger to kill animals that only one ate. Apart from Tsavo national park animals, the park also homes over 400 bird species. A lion walks through Tsavo, Kenya. They also feed on the carrion and kills made by other animals. This means the lions weren't attacking railroad workers as an act of last resort, but were likely supplementing people with other diverse foods. Reasons why you should consider visiting Magical Kenya, How to choose the Accommodation category for your next vacation, Tips on Planning a Safari in Kenya with Kids, Camping sites and Lodges in Tsavo East National Park 2022, Campsites and Lodges Tsavo West National Park 2022, Tourist Attractions in Tsavo east national park, Tourist attractions in Tsavo West National Park. All travel bookings booked via Trust my Travel are financially protected by them. In 1898, two of these predators reportedly attacked, killed and ate 135 men building a railroad across Kenya. When food is abundant, lions expand their diet. The Tsavo killings took place against a backdrop of intense environmental changes. Despite efforts to keep the lions away from the camps by building large fires and bomas, the lions regularly managed to find a way in and seemed to have no fear of people. So unfortunately when its a smaller prey its mostly the male and female lions who get to eat, the other lions in the price may have to just walk away and await the next hopefully larger prey.
Maine Police Chief Job,
Arrests And Mugshots,
Texas State Guard Age Limit,
Crane Cam Recommendation Form,
Articles A